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调研:每日祷告的美国人不到一半,无宗教信仰者增多

调研:每日祷告的美国人不到一半,无宗教信仰者增多

(图片:Getty Images)

根据皮尤研究中心发表的一项研究,随着教会成员的持续减少和无宗教信仰者队伍的扩大,只有不到一半的美国成年人会每天祷告。

皮尤研究中心于5月29日至8月25日对具有全国代表性的受访者进行调查,数据显示,45%的美国成年人说他们每天都会祈祷,而在2007年这一比例为58%,2014年为55%。

约有32%的人说他们很少或从不祈祷,这与29%的美国成年人认定为是“无宗教信仰者”(nones)——自称无神论者、不可知论者或“没有什么特别信仰”的人比例接近。

全国“无宗教信仰者”的比例现在比五年前高出6%,比十年前高出10%,这一增长也反映了世俗化飞速发展的趋势。

尽管基督徒仍然是美国最大的宗教团体,但他们现在只占成年人口的63%。当皮尤研究中心在2007年开始测量宗教身份时,基督徒的人数与“无宗教信仰者”的比例分别为78%和16%。

该研究指出,全国范围内基督徒人数的下降主要集中在认同为新教的受访者中。他们的人数在过去十年里下降了10%,在过去五年里下降了4%。

虽然天主教徒的比例在2007年至2014年期间下降到占成年人口的21%,但这一数字今天仍然保持不变。

研究发现,在黑人和白人受访者中,新教徒主要是“重生或[福音派]基督徒”。大约58%的白人新教徒认为自己是重生基督徒或福音派,而66%的黑人这样认为。

谈到教会的出席情况,黑人福音派基督徒被发现是最忠实的教会信徒,其中70%的人每月参加礼拜。大约63%的黑人新教徒报告说,他们每月至少参加一次或两次教会的宗教仪式。只有56%的白人福音派新教徒说他们每月至少参加一次宗教仪式。

在天主教徒中,教会的出席率更低。只有35%的人表示每月参加一次或以上的礼拜。

今年早些时候,圣母大学的政治学家大卫·E·坎贝尔(David E. Campbell)和杰弗里·C·莱曼(Geoffrey C. Layman)以及阿克伦大学(University of Akron)的约翰·C·格林(John C. Green)在他们的新书《世俗激增:美国政治的新断层线》(Secular Surge: A New Fault Line in American Politics)中强调的数据显示,保守派将宗教和政治结合起来,形成了众所周知的强大的宗教右派,导致一些美国人放弃与基督教信仰的联系,加入世俗主义者的行列。

据研究人员称,美国世俗主义浪潮的兴起意味着一些选民处于宗教-世俗断层线的两侧,助长了政治两极化的火焰。

他们写道:“政治中的世俗-宗教鸿沟也可能说明,为什么除了意识形态上的差异外,普通的民主党人和共和党人越来越不喜欢和不信任另一个政治阵营的领导人和成员——政治学家称之为‘情感极化’。他们非常不同的世界观可能会刺激世俗主义者和宗教主义者以怀疑甚至敌对的眼光看待对方,从而鼓励他们的政治团队之间的敌意和不信任。”

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